Microtensile Bond Strength of CAD-CAM Restorative Dental Material Blocks to Resin Cement: An In Vitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: Today's dentistry frequently employs bonded partial restorations, which are usually fabricated in ceramic materials. In the last decade, hybrid materials have emerged that attempt to combine the properties of composites and ceramics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro, by means of a microtensile test, the bond strength between CAD-CAM restorative materials and the cement recommended by their manufacturer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From blocks of CAD-CAM restorative material bonded to composite blocks (Filtek 500®), beams with a bonding area of approximately 1 mm2 were made and divided into four groups: EMAX (IPS e.max CAD® lithium disilicate), VE (VITA Enamic® polymer-infiltrated ceramic matrix), LUA (Lava Ultimate® nano-ceramic resin with sandblasting protocol) and LUS (Lava Ultimate® nano-ceramic resin with silica coating protocol). In each group, perimeter (external) or central (internal) beams were differentiated according to the position in the block. The samples were tested on the LMT 100® microtensile machine. Using optical microscopy, the fractures were categorized as adhesive or cohesive (of the restorative material or composite), and the data were analysed with parametric tests (ANOVA). RESULTS: The LUS group had the highest results (42 ± 20 MPa), followed by the LUA group (38 ± 18 MPa). EMAX had a mean of 34 ± 16 MPa, and VE was the lowest in this study (30 ± 17 MPa). In all groups, the central beams performed better than the perimeter beams. Both EMAX and VE had the most adhesive fractures, while LUA and LUS had a predominance of cohesive fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Lava Ultimate® nanoceramic resin with the silica coating protocol obtains the best bond strength values.

Systematic review of chewing simulators: Reality and reproducibility of in vitro studies.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the types of human chewing simulator described in scientific literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase and Scopus. The search strategy included 10 search terms: "in vitro"; "dental materials"; "shear strength"; "fatigue fracture"; "bite force"; "prosthetic materials"; "chewing simulator"; "chewing machine"; "simulated mastication"; and "dental wear simulator." Two researchers worked independently to assess the titles and abstracts of the articles. The quality of the in vitro trials selected was evaluated by means of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials scale. RESULTS: The electronic search identified 80 articles related to the topic of interest. After reading the full texts, ten works were selected. The articles focused mainly on the design of chewing simulators. Most of them were considered of moderate quality. Regarding the characteristics that an ideal chewing simulator should encompass, the devices described in articles varied greatly in terms of movement, periodontal ligament simulation, force sensors, and the materials tested. CONCLUSIONS: No chewing simulator offers all the characteristics necessary to reproduce human masticatory movements and forces under the humidity and pH conditions of the oral cavity. A simulator that encompasses all these characteristics would make it possible to standardize trials involving simulated mastication. Key words:In vitro, dental materials, dental wear simulator.

Fracture Resistance of New Metal-Free Materials Used for CAD-CAM Fabrication of Partial Posterior Restorations.

Background and Objectives: To evaluate in vitro the fracture resistance and fracture type of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials. Materials and Methods: Discs were fabricated (10 × 1.5 mm) from four test groups (N = 80; N = 20 per group): lithium disilicate (LDS) group (control group): IPS e.max CAD®; zirconium-reinforced lithium silicate (ZRLS) group: VITA SUPRINITY®; polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICN) group: VITA ENAMIC®; resin nanoceramics (RNC) group: LAVA™ ULTIMATE. Each disc was cemented (following the manufacturers' instructions) onto previously prepared molar dentin. Samples underwent until fracture using a Shimadzu® test machine. The stress suffered by each material was calculated with the Hertzian model, and its behavior was analyzed using the Weibull modulus. Data were analyzed with ANOVA parametric statistical tests. Results: The LDS group obtained higher fracture resistance (4588.6 MPa), followed by the ZRLS group (4476.3 MPa) and PICN group (4014.2 MPa) without statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Hybrid materials presented lower strength than ceramic materials, the RNC group obtaining the lowest values (3110 MPa) with significant difference (p < 0.001). Groups PICN and RNC showed greater occlusal wear on the restoration surface prior to star-shaped fracture on the surface, while other materials presented radial fracture patterns. Conclusion: The strength of CAD-CAM materials depended on their composition, lithium disilicate being stronger than hybrid materials.

Shear bond strength of debonded ceramic restorations re-cemented by means of a cleaning and retreatment protocol.

BACKGROUND: As there is no standard method for re-cementing debonded partial ceramic restorations, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a non-invasive thermal protocol for cleaning and retreatment, and to study its influence on shear bond strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty ceramic samples (IPS e.max CAD®) were bonded to composite cement cylinders and underwent a shear bond strength test (G1, n=20). A second group was created (G2, n=20), representing debonded restorations. To simulate debonding, the samples were artificially contaminated with composite cement. After debonding, these underwent a thermal protocol to remove remaining adhesive. After rebonding to the composite cement cylinders, samples underwent the shear bond strength test. RESULTS: Median bond strengths for G1 and G2 were 7.28±3.23; 7.06±3.41 MPa, respectively, without significant difference between the groups (p=0.983). CONCLUSIONS: Debonded lithium disilicate glass-ceramic restorations should undergo a laboratory cleaning and retreatment protocol before being returned to the clinic for rebonding. Key words:Ceramic, adhesive debonding, shear bond strength, porcelain laminated veneers.

Methodology in specimen fabrication for in vitro dental studies: Standardization of extracted tooth preparation.

BACKGROUND: Specimen preparation for in vitro study suffers a general lack of methodological homogeneity, as well as a lack of uniformity in the materials selected for fabricating them. This situation prevents comparisons between studies. When a specimen is not of dental origin it is not possible to study adhesion or bonding techniques realistically. The objective is to design and implement a method of specimen preparation that permits universal standardization for use in in vitro studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A metal stump of specified dimensions was designed and fabricated by hand. It was scanned, the data digitalized, perfecting and standardizing the dimensions. Ten human molars were adapted to the size and shape of a standard milling block. A Cerec 3D inLab Cerec milling unit was used to prepare the molars to match the digitalized model. RESULTS: Ten specimens with identical dimensions were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: CAD-CAM technology allows the preparation of natural extracted teeth to be standardized and could be used to establish a reproducible method that would facilitate comparison between different in vitro studies, and reduce bias arising from variations in sample fabrication. Key words:Test ceramic, dentin analog, dentin model, dentin samples, methodology.

Traction test of temporary dental cements.

BACKGROUND: Classic self-curing temporary cements obstruct the translucence of provisional restorations. New dual-cure esthetic temporary cements need investigation and comparison with classic cements to ensure that they are equally retentive and provide adequate translucence. The objective is to analyze by means of traction testing in a in vitro study the retention of five temporary cements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten molars were prepared and ten provisional resin restorations were fabricated using CAD-CAM technology (n=10). Five temporary cements were selected: self-curing temporary cements, Dycal (D), Temp Bond (TB), Temp Bond Non Eugenol (TBNE); dual-curing esthetic cements Temp Bond Clear (TBC) and Telio CS link (TE). Each sample underwent traction testing, both with thermocycling (190 cycles at 5-55º) and without thermocycling. RESULTS: TE and TBC obtained the highest traction resistance values. Thermocycling reduced the resistance of all cements except TBC. CONCLUSIONS: The dual-cure esthetic cements tested provided optimum outcomes for bonding provisional restorations. Key words:Temporary dental cements, cements resistance.

Bonding to silicate ceramics: Conventional technique compared with a simplified technique.

BACKGROUND: Silicate ceramic bonding is carried out by acid-etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF) followed by an application of silane. By replacing HF with ammonium polyfluoride, contained in the same flask as the silane, the number of steps in this clinical procedure, can be reduced, while maintaining bond strength values, and reducing toxicity. A shear bond test was performed to compare the conventional and the simplified surface treatment techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty ceramic samples were fabricated from IPS emax CAD® ceramic (Ivoclar Vivadent) and divided into two groups (G1 and G2) (n=10). The conventional technique was applied to G1 samples, and the simplified technique to G2 samples. A resin cement cylinder was bonded to each sample. Afterwards, samples underwent shear bond strength testing in a universal test machine. RESULTS: G1 obtained 26.53±6.33 MPa and G2 23.52±8.41 MPa, without statistically significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Monobond Etch&Prime appears to obtain equivalent results in terms of bond strength while simplifying the technique. Further investigation is required to corroborate these preliminary findings. Key words:Shear bond strength, surface treatment, bonding to ceramic, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium polyfluoride.

Dental-gingival remodeling with BOPT no-prep veneers.

Recent years have seen increasing demand for treatments aimed at improving dental esthetics. In this context, both patients and dentists prefer to preserve dental structures as far as possible; thanks to technological advances, especially in adhesive dentistry, new materials and minimally invasive techniques such as "no-prep" (no preparation) veneers have made this possible. Nevertheless, no-prep veneers have specific indications and suffer certain disadvantages. OBJECTIVES: This clinical case describes the rehabilitation of the upper anterior region by means of no-prep veneers, with BOPT (Biologically Oriented Preparation Technique) cervical margins. The patient had requested an aesthetic treatment to improve irregularities of the gingival margins associated with the presence of diastemata resulting from microdontia. Key words:BOPT, micro-veneers, hybrid ceramic, ultra-fine veneers, diastemata, without prosthetic finish line, no-prep.

Shear bond strength of partial coverage restorations to dentin.

BACKGROUND: When partial coverage restorations (veneers, inlays, onlays…) must be cemented to dentin, bond strength may not reach the same predictable values as to enamel. The purpose of this study was: 1. To compare, with a shear bond test, the bond strength to dentin of a total-etch and a self-etching bonding agent. 2. To determine whether creating microretention improves the bond strength to dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two bonding agents were assayed, Optibond FL® (Kerr), two-bottle adhesive requiring acid etching, and Clearfil SE Bond® (Kuraray), two-bottle self-etching adhesive. The vestibular, lingual, distal and mesial surfaces of ten molars (n=10) were ground to remove all enamel and 40 ceramic samples were cemented with Variolink II® (Ivoclar Vivadent). Half the molar surfaces were treated to create round microretention (pits) to determine whether these could influence bond strength to dentin. The 40 molar surfaces were divided into four groups (n=10): Optibond FL (O); Clearfil SE (C); Optibond FL + microretention (OM); Clearfil SE + micro retention (CM). A shear bond test was performed and the bond failures provoked examined under an optical microscope. RESULTS: O=35.27±8.02 MPa; C=36.23±11.23 MPa; OM=28.61±6.27 MPa; CM=27.01±7.57 MPa. No statistically significant differences were found between the adhesives. Optibond FL showed less statistical dispersion than Clearfil SE. The presence of microretentions reduced bond strength values regardless of the adhesive used. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Clearfil SE self-etching adhesive and Optibond FL acid-etch showed adequate bond strengths and can be recommended for bonding ceramic restorations to dentin. 2. The creation of round microretention pits compromises these adhesives' bond strength to dentin. Key words:Adhesion to dentin, bonding agent, Optibond FL, Clearfil SE, microretention, shear bond test.

Cleaning and retreatment protocol for a debonded ceramic restoration.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to propose a resin cement cleaning protocol for use before recementing a debonded restoration. STUDY DESIGN: Ceramic samples were fabricated from IPS d.sign® and IPS e.max Press® and were treated with hydrofluoric acid etching (HF), or HF+silane (S), or HF+S+adhesive or HF+S+A+resin cement. All samples were placed in a furnace at 650º for one minute in order to attempt to pyrolyze the composite. Each step was examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: When the cleaning protocol had been performed, it left a clean and retentive surface. CONCLUSIONS: If the restoration is placed in a furnace at 650º for one minute, the composite cement will burn or pyrolyze and disappear, allowing conventional retreatment of the ceramic before rebonding. Key words:Ceramic, debond, surface treatment.

Influence of surface preparation on fracture load of resin composite-based repairs.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the fracture load of composite-based repairs to fractured zirconium oxide (Z) crowns and to ceramic-fused-to-metal (CM) crowns, comparing different mechanical surface preparation methods. A total of 75 crowns were repaired; samples then underwent dynamic loading and thermocycling. Final fracture load values for failure of the repaired crowns were measured and the type of fracture registered. Group I: CM: Surface preparation with a diamond bur + 9.5% Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) etching; Group II): CM: air-particle (Al2O3) + 9.5% HF; Group III: CM: Silica coating (SiO2); Group IV): Z: air-particle (Al2O3) + HF 9.5%; Group V) Z: Silica coating (SiO2). Of the three CM groups, Group I (CM-diamond bur) showed the highest mean failure value, with significant difference in comparison with Group III (CM-silica coating). For the zirconia groups, the highest value was obtained by Group V (silica coating). Key words:Crown, ceramic-fused-to-metal, zirconia, resin-composite, ceramic covering.

Mechanical behavior of provisional implant prosthetic abutments

INTRODUCTION: Implant-supported prostheses have to overcome a major difficulty presented by the morphology and esthetics of peri-implant tissues in the anterior sector. Diverse therapeutic techniques are used for managing the mucosa adjacent to the implant and the most noteworthy is immediate/deferred fixed provisionalization. OBJECTIVES: In vitro testing of strength and deformation of implant prosthetic abutments made from different materials(Titanium/PEEK/methacrylate).MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty Sweden & Martina(R) implant prosthetic abutments (n=40) were divided into five groups: Group MP: methacrylate provisional abutments with machined titanium base; Group PP: Polyether etherketone (PEEK) provisional abutments; Group TP: titanium provisional abutments; Group TAD: titanium antirotational definitive abutments; Group TRD: titanium rotational definitive abutments. Their mechanical behavior under static loading was analyzed. Samples were examined under a microscope to determine the type of fractureproduced. Results and CONCLUSIONS: Definitive anti-rotational titanium abutments and definitive rotational titanium abutments achieved the best mean compression strength, while PEEK resin provisional abutments obtained the lowest. The group that showed the greatest elastic deformation was the group of titanium provisional abutments

Mechanical behavior of provisional implant prosthetic abutments.

INTRODUCTION: Implant-supported prostheses have to overcome a major difficulty presented by the morphology and esthetics of peri-implant tissues in the anterior sector. Diverse therapeutic techniques are used for managing the mucosa adjacent to the implant and the most noteworthy is immediate/deferred fixed provisionalization. OBJECTIVES: In vitro testing of strength and deformation of implant prosthetic abutments made from different materials (Titanium/PEEK/methacrylate). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty Sweden & Martina® implant prosthetic abutments (n=40) were divided into five groups: Group MP: methacrylate provisional abutments with machined titanium base; Group PP: Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) provisional abutments; Group TP: titanium provisional abutments; Group TAD: titanium anti-rotational definitive abutments; Group TRD: titanium rotational definitive abutments. Their mechanical behavior under static loading was analyzed. Samples were examined under a microscope to determine the type of fracture produced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Definitive anti-rotational titanium abutments and definitive rotational titanium abutments achieved the best mean compression strength, while PEEK resin provisional abutments obtained the lowest. The group that showed the greatest elastic deformation was the group of titanium provisional abutments.

Influence of bruxism on survival of porcelain laminate veneers

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether bruxism and the use of occlusal splints affect the survival of porcelain laminate veneers in patients treated with this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Restorations were made in 70 patients, including 30 patients with some type of parafunctional habit. A total of 323 veneers were placed, 170 in patients with bruxism activity, and the remaining 153 in patients without it. A clinical examination determined the presence or absence of ceramic failure (cracks, fractures and debonding) of the restorations; these incidents were analyzed for association with bruxism and the use of splints. RESULTS: Analysis of the ceramic failures showed that of the 13 fractures and 29 debonding that were present in our study, 8 fractures and 22 debonding were related to the presence of bruxism. CONCLUSIONS: Porcelain laminate veneers are a predictable treatment option that provides excellent results, recognizing a higher risk of failure in patients with bruxism activity. The use of occlusal splints reduces the risk of fractures

Influence of bruxism on survival of porcelain laminate veneers.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether bruxism and the use of occlusal splints affect the survival of porcelain laminate veneers in patients treated with this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Restorations were made in 70 patients, including 30 patients with some type of parafunctional habit. A total of 323 veneers were placed, 170 in patients with bruxism activity, and the remaining 153 in patients without it. A clinical examination determined the presence or absence of ceramic failure (cracks, fractures and debonding) of the restorations; these incidents were analyzed for association with bruxism and the use of splints. RESULTS: Analysis of the ceramic failures showed that of the 13 fractures and 29 debonding that were present in our study, 8 fractures and 22 debonding were related to the presence of bruxism. CONCLUSIONS: Porcelain laminate veneers are a predictable treatment option that provides excellent results, recognizing a higher risk of failure in patients with bruxism activity. The use of occlusal splints reduces the risk of fractures.

Survival rates of a lithium disilicate-based core ceramic for three-unit esthetic fixed partial dentures: a 10-year prospective study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and long-term survival rate of three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) made from lithium disilicate-based core ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one three-unit FPDs were placed in 19 patients to replace single lost teeth in the esthetic area, following a study protocol that took clinical, esthetic, and radiologic aspects into consideration. Each case was reviewed at 1 week following placement, at 6 months, and then annually for 10 years. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Out of the 19 patients, 14.3% presented reversible postoperative sensitivity. Recession was observed in 24% of dental posts, and 7.1% presented marginal discoloration. Treatment did not increase either Bleeding or Plaque Index scores at prepared teeth; secondary caries did not appear either. The restorations' survival rate at the 10-year follow-up was 71.4%; six FPDs had fractured and one debonded. CONCLUSIONS: Fracture failure rate was 28.6% after 10 years; a high percentage corresponded to connector fractures and occurred during the first 5 years. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic FPDs present a higher risk of fracture than standard therapies (metal-ceramic) or other more recently developed ceramic materials. The prognosis for survival improves for Class I occlusion and nonparafunctional patients.

Bond strength of selected composite resin-cements to zirconium-oxide ceramic

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate bond strengths of zirconium-oxide (zirconia) ceramic and a selection of different composite resin cements. Study Design: 130 Lava TM cylinders were fabricated. The cylinders were sandblasted with 80 µm aluminium oxide or silica coated with CoJet Sand. Silane, and bonding agent and/or Clearfil Ceramic Primer were applied. One hundred thirty composite cement cylinders, comprising two dual-polymerizing (Variolink II and Panavia F) and two autopolymerizing (Rely X and Multilink) resins were bonded to the ceramic samples. A shear test was conducted, followed by an optical microscopy study to identify the location and type of failure, an electron microscopy study (SEM and TEM) and statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test or more than two independent samples and Mann-Whitney for two independent samples. Given the large number of combinations, Bonferroni correction was applied (alfa=0.001). Results: Dual-polymerizing cements provided better adhesion values (11.7 MPa) than the autopolymerizing (7.47 MPa) (p-value M-W<0.001). The worst techniques were Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Rely X; Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Multilink and Lava TM + CoJet + silane + Multilink. Adhesive failure (separation of cement and ceramic) was produced at a lesser force than cohesive failure (fracture of cement) (p-value M-W<0.001). Electron microscopy confirmed that the surface treatments modified the zirconium-oxide ceramic, creating a more rough and retentive surface, thus providing an improved micromechanical interlocking between the cement and the ceramic. Conclusions: Best results were provided by dual-polymerizing cements associated with sandblasting or silica coating and a bonding agent containing MDP (AU)

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Bond strength of selected composite resin-cements to zirconium-oxide ceramic.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate bond strengths of zirconium-oxide (zirconia) ceramic and a selection of different composite resin cements. STUDY DESIGN: 130 Lava TM cylinders were fabricated. The cylinders were sandblasted with 80 µm aluminium oxide or silica coated with CoJet Sand. Silane, and bonding agent and/or Clearfil Ceramic Primer were applied. One hundred thirty composite cement cylinders, comprising two dual-polymerizing (Variolink II and Panavia F) and two autopolymerizing (Rely X and Multilink) resins were bonded to the ceramic samples. A shear test was conducted, followed by an optical microscopy study to identify the location and type of failure, an electron microscopy study (SEM and TEM) and statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test for more than two independent samples and Mann-Whitney for two independent samples. Given the large number of combinations, Bonferroni correction was applied (α=0.001). RESULTS: Dual-polymerizing cements provided better adhesion values (11.7 MPa) than the autopolymerizing (7.47 MPa) (p-value M-W<0.001). The worst techniques were Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Rely X; Lava TM + sandblasting + Silane + Multilink and Lava TM + CoJet + silane + Multilink. Adhesive failure (separation of cement and ceramic) was produced at a lesser force than cohesive failure (fracture of cement) (p-value M-W<0.001). Electron microscopy confirmed that the surface treatments modified the zirconium-oxide ceramic, creating a more rough and retentive surface, thus providing an improved micromechanical interlocking between the cement and the ceramic. CONCLUSIONS: Best results were provided by dual-polymerizing cements associated with sandblasting or silica coating and a bonding agent containing MDP.

Zirconia versus metal: a preliminary comparative analysis of ceramic veneer behavior.

PURPOSE: Clinical studies have revealed a high rate of fracture for porcelain-veneered zirconia-based restorations that varies between 6% and 15% over a 3- to 5-year period. These are high values compared to the 4% fracture rate shown by conventional metal-ceramic restorations over 10 years. To date, little in vitro research has been carried out on the fracture resistance of the new generation of ceramic crowns. The aims of this study were to develop preliminary research on the mechanical failure behavior of three types of porcelain-veneered crowns with zirconia cores when subjected to static compressive loading and to analyze fracture characteristics using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty individual full-coverage crowns were studied: 60 crowns with a zirconia core and 20 with a metal core (control). RESULTS: Values obtained in compressive testing were as follows: ZirPress: 1,818.01 N, ZirCAD: 1,773.92 N, Lava: 2,210.95 N, and metal-ceramic (control): 2,310.49 N. SEM analysis revealed that 71.66% of zirconia-based restoration mechanical failures were cohesive, while 100% of mechanical failures for metal-ceramic restorations were adhesive. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical behavior of the porcelain veneering on a zirconia core is more fragile than that on metal-ceramic crowns, and when load forces exerted on these restorations lead to mechanical failure, this will occur in the interior of the porcelain veneering.

Full maxillary rehabilitation with an all-ceramic system

With the appearance of all-ceramic systems, providing a choice of framework porcelains and allowing the samematerial to be used for the veneer, it is now possible to select the ideal structure in terms of both function andesthetics. Silicate ceramics allow porcelain laminate veneers and crowns to be used in the anterior region, providingexcellent esthetics; while for the posterior area, where function takes precedence, oxide ceramics, specificallyzirconium oxide, are preferred. The IPS e.max ceramic system, heir apparent to the IPS Empress 2 system,combines the advantages of zirconium oxide ceramics (IPS e.max Zircad) with the excellent esthetic qualities ofsilicate ceramics (IPS e.max Press).This paper presents a clinical case requiring complete maxillary rehabilitation for esthetic purposes. An overviewof some of the porcelains used in this system, analyzed from both the clinical and laboratory perspective is provided.The esthetic advantages of a single ceramic veneer, the need to select appropriate ceramics for anterior andposterior regions, and cementation and surface treatments are discussed (AU)

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